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30 Amazing Color Photos of Iconic Vogue Model Jean Patchett in the 1950s

Jean was “a young American Goddess of Paris Couture” – Irving Penn, Vogue photographer
Jean Patchett (1926–2002) modeled from 1948 until she retired in 1963. Jean did model selectively after 1963 and was available to photographers for special assignments through the 1970s.

In the 1980s Jean moved from New York City to La Quinta, CA with her husband. During Jean’s heyday, her accomplishments became legendary, as she was one of the most recognizable and popular models in American fashion couture.

The October 1950 issue of Vogue Magazine featured Jean Patchett not just on its cover, but on many pages of the feature section! In this publication, there were five full-page illustrations, 3 partial page illustrations, and 4 full page advertisements! The number and frequency of Jean’s appearances in fashion magazines were amazing. She had become the center of fashion photography and was in great demand. Jean Patchett was referred to as the “Queen of Fashion Inc.” by fashion editors and photographers during this decade.

“An absolutely stunning creature with a signature beauty mark, Jean was a super model decades before the term ‘super model’ was coined, and, staggeringly, has had more covers than any fashion model in history. Jean Patchett was to Ford what Babe Ruth was to the Yankees.” Said agency owner Jerry Ford of Ford Models, who represented Jean in her heyday during the Fifties. Jean signed on with the Ford Models on May 10, 1948 according to Miss Patchett. In the Sunday News on March 18, 1951 a feature article titled: “There’s Nobody Like Patchett” author Jess Stearn wrote: “No matter what’s wanted in a model, Jean seems to have it. Because she knows exactly what to do with her hands, head and feet, and takes the right attitude toward her work, Jean has earned the rating of super-model.”

In her early career many readers of the slick magazines did not know her name but they knew her face. Jean’s face was startlingly and unconventionally beautiful, with bone structure large slightly delineated chin. But her features, delightful as they were, were not responsible for making her the most sought after, the busiest, and the most successful photographic model in New York.

Jean Patchett was a highly paid models because of a blemish. Jean had a mole next to her right eye which she darkened with an eyebrow pencil to make it more prominent. For the mole became her trademark. Manufacturers of every product from toothpaste to fashions, and jewelry to luxury cars insisted on having the girl with the mole in their advertisements.

Jean refused to work before 10 am or after 4:30 pm because she liked to cook meals for herself and her banker husband. And she only worked 3 ½ days a week. In the early 1950s Jean said: “I cut down my schedule because so many photographers wanted me to work for them that I was being booked months in advance,” she said. “That didn’t help, so I had my rate raised to $50. an hour, but that seemed to make them even more eager to have me because they all wanted to pay the highest price. I guess that’s why I’m so busy playing hard to get.”

44 Interesting Photos Showing Life of Poland in 1970

Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of 312,696 km2 (120,733 sq mi). Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous member state of the European Union. Warsaw is the nation’s capital and largest metropolis. Other major cities include Kraków, Lódz, Wroclaw, Poznan, Gdansk, and Szczecin.

Poland’s territory extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudeten and Carpathian Mountains in the south. The country is bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukraine to the east, Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south, and Germany to the west. Poland also shares maritime boundaries with Denmark and Sweden.

The history of human activity on Polish soil spans thousands of years. Throughout the late antiquity period it became extensively diverse, with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain. However, it was the Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name. The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to 966, when the pagan ruler of a realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland embraced Christianity and converted to Catholicism. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 and in 1569 cemented its longstanding political association with Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. The latter led to the forming of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous nations of 16th and 17th-century Europe, with a uniquely liberal political system that adopted Europe’s first modern constitution, the Constitution of 3 May 1791.

With the end of the prosperous Polish Golden Age, the country was partitioned by neighbouring states at the end of the 18th century. It regained its independence in 1918 with the Treaty of Versailles and restored its position as a key player in European politics. In September 1939, the German-Soviet invasion of Poland marked the beginning of World War II, which resulted in the Holocaust and millions of Polish casualties. As a member of the Eastern Bloc, the Polish People’s Republic proclaimed forthwith was a chief signatory of the Warsaw Pact amidst global Cold War tensions. In the wake of anti-communist movements in 1989, notably through the emergence and contributions of the Solidarity movement, the communist government was dissolved and Poland re-established itself as a democratic republic.

Poland is a developed market and a middle power; it has the sixth largest economy in the European Union by nominal GDP and the fifth largest by GDP (PPP). It provides very high standards of living, safety and economic freedom, as well as free university education and a universal health care system. The country has 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 15 of which are cultural. Poland is a founding member state of the United Nations, as well as a member of the World Trade Organization, NATO, and the European Union (including the Schengen Area). (Wikipedia)

**Warsaw. Fountain stormed by children, July 9, 1970**

**Warsaw. Lazienki Królewskie Palace and Park, July 9, 1970**

**Warsaw. Old Town Square, July 8, 1970**

**Warsaw. Old town street, July 8, 1970**

**Warsaw. Palace of Science and Culture, July 8, 1970**

**Warsaw. People at stall, July 11, 1970**

**Warsaw. Sale of fruit (‘Warzywa Owoce’), July 9, 1970**

**Warsaw. St. Stanislaus and Wenceslas Cathedral, July 12, 1970**

**Warsaw. The Church of the Holy Spirit, July 8, 1970**

**Warsaw. The column of Sigismund III, Zamkowy Square, July 9, 1970**

**Warsaw. The monument to Fryderyk Chopin, July 8, 1970**

**Warsaw. Theater Square, July 9, 1970**

**Warsaw. Wilanów Palace Park, July 10, 1970**

**Warsaw. Wilanów Palace, July 10, 1970**

**Chapel overflowing with faithful in Little Poland, July 13, 1970**

**Fishing at the Masurian Lake, July 7, 1970**

**Gdansk. Lenin leader of the proletarian revolution, July 5, 1970**

**Gdansk. The fountain of Neptune, July 5, 1970**

**Gdansk. Town Hall Square, July 5, 1970**

**Krakow. Old town street, July 12, 1970**

**Krakow. One of the countless trams in the capital of Krakow Voivodeship, July 12, 1970**

**Krakow. St. Mary’s Basilica, July 12, 1970**

**Krakow. The Cloth Hall, July 12, 1970**

**Krakow. The royal castle of Wawel, July 12, 1970**

**Krakow. The statue of Adam Bernard Mickiewicz de Poraj, July 12, 1970**

**La presqu’île de Hel, sur la mer Baltique, July 4, 1970**

**Malbork. The Teutonic fortress of Marienburg, July 6, 1970**

**On the Dunajec, in the Pienines massif, July 15, 1970**

**Oswiecim. The Auschwitz concentration camp, July 14, 1970**

**Puck. At the bottom, the peninsula of Hel, July 4, 1970**

**Sromowce Wyzne. Aubade on a raft, July 15, 1970**

**Sunset on the Masurian Lake, July 7, 1970**

**Swinoujscie. The port on the estuary of Swina, July 3, 1970**

**Szczecin (formerly Stettin), July 3, 1970**

**Traditional carriage in Mragowo (ex-Sensburg), July 7, 1970**

(Photos © Philippe Guillot)

Victory Rolls: 45 Vintage Photos Showing The Hairstyle That Defined the 1940s Women’s Hairdo

One of the most iconic and recognisable vintage hairstyles has to be Victory Rolls. It’s a women’s hairstyle popular in the 1940s.

Characterized by voluminous curls of hair that frame the face, the style is named for the aerobatic maneuver and World War II support efforts in general, and as a reminder of the strength and determination of women during the 1940s.

Victory rolls are closely associated with the pin-up look and achieved using hairspray and various back-combing, rolling, pinning, and curling techniques.

Take a look at these photos to see what this women’s hairstyle looked like from the 1940s.

40 Vintage Photos of Victorian Men With Mustache

To the Victorian gentleman, a hairy upper lip was an essential accessory. The mustache was an affectation the most flattering to the vanity of the young. With it, the boy feels himself a man. It helps him to look old and the look of age is useful in business and inspires confidence. The youth of twenty one looks thirty with a mustache and without it he would look sixteen.

However, the mustache was, in this socially-conscious society, the prerogative of the gentleman. Menservants were required to be clean-shaven, and in contrast to the ornate beards and mustaches worn by the officers of the day, which complemented their rank and age, subalterns and lesser ranks made do with much simpler styles.

For an officer to shave his mustache would be treated like a breach of discipline and in the gentlemen’s clubs of St James’s, to appear with a naked upper lip was as unacceptable as forgetting to put on your trousers!

The mustache also had its attractions for ladies. In the 1880s, Rudyard Kipling wrote of a woman who complained that being kissed by a man who did not wax his mustache was like eating an egg without salt.

These mustaches were pampered: they were trimmed, brushed, combed, dyed, and even curled up at the ends. Great gobs of wax were melted and then applied to the mustache to keep the curls intact. Everything from mustache curlers to wax to snoods (that kept your mustache safe during the night) to modified mugs with a special pierced rim or little bars across known as “mustache lifters” were invented over the course of the nineteenth century to cultivate the requisite sartorial distinction associated with it.

Below is a collection of 40 fascinating portraits of handsome Victorian men with mustache:

30 Interesting Photographs of Old Offices in the 1920s

Here is an interesting collection of 30 vintage photos that shows old offices and people who were working in the 1920s.

**Four people working in an office in Hempstead, TX. In the center is a Burroughs Class 3 adding machine. A candlestick telephone is on the desk.**

**Office in Dexter Horton National Bank, Seattle, WA. There are a number of Burroughs adding machines, c.1920.**

**Office with 19 men doing paper work on the left and about a dozen women typing on the right.**

**Filing Section, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York, NY., c.1920.**

**Underwriters’ Office, Fireman’s Fund Insurance Co., Boston, MA, 1921.**

**Office of Chas. Rump, Redlands Power and Irrigation Co., Grand Junction, CO, 1921.**

Computing Division, Veterans Bureau, Washington, DC, early 1920s. Photograph shows at least 30 workers using Burroughs electric adding machines to compute bonuses for World War I veterans. Eleven electric fans are visible.

**Office with sixty-four clerical workers, one of whom (front right) can be seen operating an adding listing machine.**

**“Three women at desk,” Colorado, c.1920. Photographed by Harry M. Rhoads (1880/81-1975). Photograph shows a typewriter, a candlestick phone, and high-heeled shoes.**

**Office with a man and four women, 1923. One woman appears to be a telephone operator and another is working at a typewriter.**

Office, Ponca City, OK. Both wall clocks are labeled “Naval Observatory Time Hourly by Western Union.” The desk in the foreground has a large electric time stamp. The next desk has two typewriters. The last desk has a Burroughs adding machine. There are two uniformed men in front of the door, which suggests that this may be an office at the Atchison, Topeka and Sante Fe Railroad station.

**Office, L. Andrew Olsen Lumber Co., Osseo, MN. 1923. Date from calendar on wall. Photograph includes adding machine on stand.**

**Interior, Bureau of Engraving, Minneapolis, MN, 1925. Stenographers are transcribing using dictating machines and typewriters.**

**Freight Receipts, General Office Building, Norwalk & Western Railway, Roanoke, VA. Burroughs key-driven calculators.**

Freight Receipts, General Office Building, Norwalk & Western Railway, Roanoke, VA. Photograph shows four employees working with Comptometer calculating machines. There is an Automatic Pencil Sharpener Co. pencil sharpener, probably a Chicago model, in the foreground.

**General Office Building, Norwalk & Western Railway, Roanoke, VA.**

**General Office Building, Norwalk & Western Railway, Roanoke, VA. Wide carriage Remington typewriters or bookkeeping machines.**

**Comptometer Bureau, Armour & Co., Chicago, 1926. Armour & Co. was a meat business.**

**Edison Purchasing Department, West Orange, NJ. Photograph shows Monroe calculating machines.**

**John Runk’s office at his shop, Stillwater, MN, photograph by John Runk. There is an American Adder in the photo.**

**Western Union telegraph office, Omaha, NE. Based on the equipment shown, Neal McEwen concluded that this photo and the following one show a Western Union telegraph office.**

**Western Union telegraph office, Omaha, NE. Based on the equipment shown, Neal McEwen concluded that this photo and the preceding one show a Western Union telegraph office.**

Photo shows an office with thirteen Graphotype machines. Graphotypes, which were produced by Addressograph Co., Chicago, IL, embossed letters on metal plates that were used to print addresses on letters and envelopes. The typewriter keyboard Model G3-44 shown here sold for $850 in 1927. The number of Graphotypes indicates that the company maintained a huge mailing list.

**Photo shows files for metal address plates used in the Addressograph system.**

**Man with eighteen Bates numbering machines.**

**Office of Information, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, 1928.**

**Computing Division, Veterans Bureau, Washington DC, 1929. Three dozen Burroughs adding machines were being used to compute veterans’ benefits.**

**Office at an Addressograph sales and repair outlet, 1929.**

**Office with Burroughs electric bookkeeping machine.**

30 Amazing Photos Showing Musicians Posing With Their Younger Selves

Ever wished you could travel back in time and meet your younger self?

Dutch artist Ard Gelinck has been working on an ongoing Then & Now project in which he uses Photoshop to create portraits of famous people posing with their younger selves. Among these stars are Freddie Mercury, David Bowie, Elton John, Rob Lowe, Madonna, Lady Gaga, Phil Collins, and just to name a few.

His images are often quite convincing since he takes the time to find very good source photos where it appears to be credible that they are posing with each other. He then takes time to carefully match the colors and tones creating the illusion of a portrait actually taken together.

In some cases, decades have passed since the original photos, the comparisons are something really special. Take a look at the images below!

47 Wonderful Photographs Showing Paris in the Early 1960s

Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 34th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of the world’s major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, fashion, gastronomy, science, and arts, and has sometimes been referred to as the capital of the world. The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the region and province of Île-de-France, or Paris Region, with an estimated population of 12,997,058 in 2020, or about 18% of the population of France, making it in 2020 the second largest metropolitan area in the OECD, and 14th largest in the world in 2015. The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion ($808 billion) in 2017. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, in 2021 Paris was the city with the second-highest cost of living in the world, tied with Singapore, and after Tel Aviv.

Paris is a major railway, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports: Paris–Charles de Gaulle (the second-busiest airport in Europe) and Paris–Orly. Opened in 1900, the city’s subway system, the Paris Métro, serves 5.23 million passengers daily; it is the second-busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro. Gare du Nord is the 24th-busiest railway station in the world and the busiest located outside Japan, with 262 million passengers in 2015. Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks: the Louvre received 2.8 million visitors in 2021, despite the long museum closings caused by the COVID-19 virus. The Musée d’Orsay, Musée Marmottan Monet and Musée de l’Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art. The Pompidou Centre Musée National d’Art Moderne has the largest collection of modern and contemporary art in Europe. The Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso exhibit the works of two noted Parisians. The historical district along the Seine in the city centre has been classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991; popular landmarks there include the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris on the Île de la Cité, now closed for renovation after the 15 April 2019 fire. Other popular tourist sites include the Gothic royal chapel of Sainte-Chapelle, also on the Île de la Cité; the Eiffel Tower, constructed for the Paris Universal Exposition of 1889; the Grand Palais and Petit Palais, built for the Paris Universal Exposition of 1900; the Arc de Triomphe on the Champs-Élysées, and the hill of Montmartre with its artistic history and its Basilica of Sacré-Coeur.

Paris hosts several United Nations organisations: the UNESCO, the Young Engineers / Future Leaders, the World Federation of Engineering Organizations, and other international organisations such as the OECD, the OECD Development Centre, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the International Energy Agency, the International Federation for Human Rights, the International Organisation of La Francophonie; along with European bodies such as the European Space Agency, the European Banking Authority or the European Securities and Markets Authority. Other international organisations were founded in Paris such as the CIMAC in 1951 (International Council on Combustion Engines | Conseil International des Machines à Combustion), or the modern Olympic Games in 1894 which was then moved to Lausanne, Switzerland.

Tourism recovered in the Paris region in 2021, increasing to 22.6 million visitors, thirty percent more than in 2020, but still well below 2019 levels. The number of visitors from the United States increased by 237 percent over 2020. Museums re-opened in 2021, with limitations on the number of visitors at a time and a requirement that visitors wear masks.

The football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros. The city hosted the Olympic Games in 1900, 1924 and will host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, the 2007 Rugby World Cup, as well as the 1960, 1984 and 2016 UEFA European Championships were also held in the city. Every July, the Tour de France bicycle race finishes on the Avenue des Champs-Élysées in Paris. (Wikipedia)

29 Vintage Photos of London Wartime Nightlife Under Blackout Conditions, 1944

London under blackout conditions. On 17 September 1944, the blackout was replaced by a partial “dim-out”.

The blackout began two days before the war began. Under blackout rules, everyone had to cover up their windows at night with black material. This was to make it difficult for German bombers to find their target in the dark.

The war and threat of bombing hardly stopped people from having a good time, even if an air of poignacy hangs over the whole thing.

**Night-lifers, servicemen & late-night war workers riding down escalators as they hurry to catch the last train home, at Piccadilly Circus underground station during WWII.**

**People dancing to the music of orchestra on stage of Covent Garden Opera House after its conversion to a nightclub during wartime (WWII).**

**The “Blondes in the News” act in Jack Hylton’s “Hi-De-Hi” at the Stoll.**

**Inga Andersen singing “The General Doesn’t Like It in the Car” and “Hitler’s Gone and Lost His Secret Weapon” at “Bagatelle” Restaurant off Berkely Street.**

**Girl talking with an American sailor.**

**Two American MPs in Picadilly examining leave passes.**

**Couple saying goodbye outside the Tube station entrance.**

**Two soldiers with their torch examine the menu of a lower Wardour Street restaurant.**

**People hanging around outside Keith Prowse discussing which shows they should try to see.**

**Wounded soldier passed out on the street after hitting his head on the lamppost during the blackout.**

**Couples dancing the Jitterbug at the Paramount Dance Hall on Tottenham Court Road.**

**Couple embracing outside the stage door of Prince of Wales Theare in Lower Wardour Street.**

**Barman checking the label on a bottle of liquor belonging to a member who has sent the waiter for it.**

**Mad dance in Phylis Dixey’s new show “Goodnight Ladies”.**

**Cast and audience of “Strike a new Note” at the Prince of Wales singing “The King” at the close of every public function.**

**Ally and other soldiers drinking in a bar.**

**“Poor Man’s” Club featuring a flashy bohemian-type pub theme.**

**Couples talking on the corner of Shaftesbury Ave and Dean Street.**

**Two girls standing outside Monico’s in Picadilly.**

**Girl waiting outside the stagedoor of Windmill Theatre off Picadilly for a friend.**

**Stripper Phylis Dixey performing on stage.**

**Two African American soldiers crossing the Circus.**

**African American soldier dancing with a British Women’s Auxiliary Air Force member at Paramount Dance Hall.**

**Outside the Rainbow Corner, girls talking with men.**

**Soldiers crowding inside a Red Cross club, the Hans Crescent Club to listen to singer Joyce Grenfell.**

**Bottles at the “Coconut Grove” labeled with their owners’ names.**

**Girl dancing the Jitterbug at the Paramount Dance Hall on Tottenham Court Road.**

(Photos by David E. Scherman)

25 Stunning Photographs of Actress Michelle Pfeiffer in the 1980s and Early 1990s

Michelle Pfeiffer is one of the most popular actresses of the 1980s and 1990s, she has received international acclaim and many accolades for her work in both comedic and dramatic films. She is very well-known for her versatility, and she has grown to become known for portraying unglamorous and nuanced, and emotionally distant characters and also strong characters who have sex appeal.

She is considered to be one of the world’s most talented actresses. She had started pursuing an acting career in the year, 1978. After she had accepted many small roles in a few TV series and movies, the actress’ very first leading role was in Grease 2 (1982), a musical movie which was the sequel to the 1978 movie. She was very frustrated with being a typecast, and the actress pursued a lot of more serious material.

Michelle Pfeiffer then received a lot of strong reviews for her breakout performance as Elvira Hancock in Scarface. Her role in Married to the Mob had earned Michelle Pfeiffer her a Golden Globe Award nominations. Her roles in Dangerous Liaisons and The Fabulous Baker Boys had also earned her two Academy Award nominations, for Best Supporting Actress and Best Actress.

After starring as the titular actress in Frankie and Johnny, the actress had earned recognition as Catwoman/Selina Kyle in Batman Returns, and her interpretation is regarded as the most definitive ones of this character. Michelle Pfeiffer had earned her third Academy Award nomination for Love Field in 1992 before she had starred in The Age of Innocence and this was followed by Wolf in 1994, What Lies Beneath in 2000 and White Oleander in 2002.

Michelle Pfeiffer had also is produced many movies under her production company, Via Rosa Productions. After her five-year hiatus from acting, she then made an appearance in Hairspray, Chéri, and Dark Shadows.

Pictures of young Michelle Pfeiffer travel back to when the gorgeous actress who first captured the public’s attention with her performance in the 1983 film Scarface and even before that. What did Michelle Pfeiffer look like when she was young? Browse these photos of a young Michelle Pfeiffer to see for yourself!

25 Vintage Photos of Vacationing in Switzerland During the Early 1960s

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country at the confluence of Western, Central and Southern Europe. The country is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons, with federal authorities based in Bern. Switzerland is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau, the Alps and the Jura, spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi) and land area of 39,997 km2 (15,443 sq mi). Although the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau, where the largest cities and economic centres are, among them Zürich, Geneva and Basel. These three cities are home to several offices of international organisations such as the WTO, the WHO, the ILO, the headquarters of FIFA, the UN’s second-largest office, as well as the main office of the Bank for International Settlements. The main international airports of Switzerland are also located in these cities.

The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy in the Late Middle Ages resulted from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognised in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland, which is celebrated on Swiss National Day. Since the Reformation of the 16th century, Switzerland has maintained a firm policy of armed neutrality; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002. Nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy. It is frequently involved in peace-building processes worldwide. Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross, one of the world’s oldest and best known humanitarian organisations. It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association, but notably not part of the European Union, the European Economic Area or the Eurozone. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties.

Switzerland occupies the crossroads of Germanic and Romance Europe, as reflected in its four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh. Although the majority of the population are German-speaking, Swiss national identity is rooted in a common historical background, shared values such as federalism and direct democracy, as well as Alpine symbolism. This identity stretching across languages, ethnic groups, and religions has led many to consider Switzerland a Willensnation (“nation of volition”), as opposed to a nation-state.

Due to its linguistic diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names: Schweiz ‘?va?ts; Suisse s?is(?); Svizzera ‘zvittsera; and Svizra ‘?vi?tsr?, ‘?vi?ts??. On coins and stamps, the Latin name, Confoederatio Helvetica – frequently shortened to “Helvetia” – is used instead of the four national languages. A developed country, it has the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product. It ranks highly on some international metrics, including economic competitiveness and human development. Its cities such as Zürich, Geneva and Basel rank among the highest in the world in terms of quality of life, albeit with some of the highest costs of living in the world. In 2020, IMD placed Switzerland first in attracting skilled workers. The WEF ranks it the fifth most competitive country globally. (Wikipedia)